Credits & Data Sources
Play Deep Time Earth is built on the following open datasets and tools.
Data Sources
Cao et al. (2024), Earth's tectonic and plate boundary evolution over 1.8 billion years, model version 2.4
CC BY 4.0Continental crust fragments and plate boundaries at 540–1800 Ma. Not elevations, climate or actual palaeocoastlines.
Cao et al. (2024), Earth's tectonic and plate boundary evolution over 1.8 billion years, model version 2.4
Source ↗関連論文 ↗Modifications: Reconstructed using the model's palaeomagnetic frame and valid source ages. A fixed +60° eastward display rotation aids continuity without changing source data. Latitudes and poles are preserved; display longitudes differ from the model's. Plate boundaries use 5 Ma intervals; interpolation does not improve scientific accuracy. Continental configuration and shape differences remain at 540 Ma.
⚠ The dataset is CC BY 4.0, distinct from the paper's CC BY-NC-ND license. Paper figures and supplemental videos are not redistributed.
PaleoMIST 1.0
CC BY 4.0過去8万年間の全球氷床・古地形モデルです。原資料は2,500年間隔で、地殻変動と場所によって異なる海面変化を含みます。
Gowan, E.J. (2019). Global ice sheet reconstruction for the past 80000 years. PANGAEA, DOI 10.1594/PANGAEA.905800. Study: Gowan et al. (2021), A new global ice sheet reconstruction for the past 80,000 years, Nature Communications 12, 1199, DOI 10.1038/s41467-021-21469-w.
Source ↗関連論文 ↗Modifications: a1シナリオ（MIS 3を通じてハドソン湾が氷に覆われる）の地形と復元氷床境界を表示用に加工しました。2,500年間隔の元資料から最も近い時点を表示し、現代の比較線も同じモデルを使用します。派生資料：CC BY 4.0。 滑らかな境界は観測精度の向上を意味しません。表示では小島や狭い海峡が省略され、人の移動や通行可能性は証明できません。氷床は復元範囲であり、海氷や確定した接地状態の地図ではありません。0 kaは1950年基準です。8万年前より古い時期には適用せず、原著者の保証や承認を意味しません。
モデルの基礎資料
モデルが引用する基礎資料です。本サービスはPaleoMISTを使用し、以下の元データ・論文・図は個別に再配布しません。
- Schaffer, J. & Timmermann, R. (2016). Greenland and Antarctic ice sheet topography, cavity geometry, and global bathymetry (RTopo-2). · CC BY 3.0
- IceBridge MCoRDS L2 Ice Thickness, v1, DOI 10.5067/GDQ0CUCVTE2Q. Paden et al. (2010); cited as Leuschen et al., updated 2017, in the PaleoMIST README. Agassiz and Barnes Ice Cap corrections.
- Dowdeswell, J.A. et al. (2004). Form and flow of the Devon Island Ice Cap, Canadian Arctic. DOI 10.1029/2003JF000095. Devon Ice Cap correction.
- Hughes, A.L.C. et al. (2015/2016). DATED-1: Eurasian ice-sheet extent chronology. Dataset DOI 10.1594/PANGAEA.848117; study DOI 10.1111/bor.12142. · CC BY 3.0
- GLIMS Consortium et al. (2005). GLIMS Glacier Database, NSIDC-0272. DOI 10.7265/N5V98602; Raup et al. (2007), DOI 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.07.018.
- Fretwell, P. et al. (2013). Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica. DOI 10.5194/tc-7-375-2013. The linked BAS archive records the dataset under CC BY 4.0. · CC BY 4.0
- RAISED Consortium / Bentley, M.J. et al. (2014). A community-based geological reconstruction of Antarctic Ice Sheet deglaciation since the Last Glacial Maximum. DOI 10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.06.025. Cited study; separate GIS originals are not redistributed.
- Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P.L. & Hughes, P.D. (eds., 2011). Quaternary Glaciations—Extent and Chronology: A Closer Look. Patagonia reconstruction source cited by PaleoMIST.
NSIDC Sea Ice Index (G02135, Version 4)
NSIDC data use policy; attribution required北極海氷の現代の夏の参考範囲・1981–2010年9月
Fetterer, F., Knowles, K., Meier, W. N., Savoie, M., Windnagel, A. K. & Stafford, T. (2025). Sea Ice Index (G02135, Version 4). National Snow and Ice Data Center. https://doi.org/10.7265/a98x-0f50. Northern Hemisphere monthly September extent GeoTIFFs, 1981–2010; accessed 2026-09-28.
Source ↗DOI: 10.7265/a98x-0f50
Modifications: 30年分の9月の格子から、半数以上の年に氷がある範囲を表示用に縮小しました。陸と海岸を除き、未観測の極域は原資料の氷の仮定を維持しています。現代9月の固定参考で、現在の状態、通年の存続、厚さ、過去の復元ではありません。
PaleoDEM
CC BY 4.0Paleodigital Elevation Models (0–540 Ma heightmaps)
Scotese, C.R. and Wright, N.M. (2018). PALEOMAP Paleodigital Elevation Models (PaleoDEMS) for the Phanerozoic.
Modifications: Terrain adapted for visualization with narrow-strait corrections. Modern coastline data is applied only at 0 Ma.
PaleoMAP PaleoCoastlines data v7.3
CC BY 4.0全球海岸線の81時点の復元（0–535 Ma）。化石記録に基づいてPaleoDEMの海岸線を調整し、最大海進時の範囲を表します。
Kocsis, A.T. and Scotese, C.R. (2023). PaleoMAP PaleoCoastlines data, v7.3. Zenodo. Study: Mapping paleocoastlines and continental flooding during the Phanerozoic, Earth-Science Reviews, DOI 10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103463.
Source ↗関連論文 ↗Modifications: 5–535 Maの海岸線と内陸水域を表示用に加工し、元の年代間を補間しました。0 MaはNatural Earthの現代の海岸線と既存の内陸水域、540 Maは地形に基づく水域を使用します。派生水域資料もCC BY 4.0です。 水域：最大海進を表す代表的な復元図であり、選択した厳密な瞬間の湖や海岸の境界ではありません。元データの年代間の変化は視覚的な推定で、水域の孤立や再接続の時期を確定するものではありません。
Natural Earth
Public DomainOcean / marine polygons for shallow-sea correction at 0Ma (modern coastline)
Natural Earth — naturalearthdata.com
Modifications: Used to correct the display of modern coastlines and shallow seas.
CESM paleoclimate simulation
CC BY 4.00–540 Maの表面温度・降水・風のモデル資料
Li, X. et al. (2022). A high-resolution climate simulation dataset for the past 540 million years. Scientific Data, 9, 371.
DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01490-4
Modifications: CESMによる表面温度の年平均値（T）です。過去の直接観測ではなく、モデルの推定です。 可視化用に加工し、10 Ma間隔の元の年代間を補間しています。全球表面温度は面積加重年平均です。0 Maは産業革命前で、ケッペンは年平均に基づく近似分類です。
PBDB
CC0 1.0Paleobiology Database (fossil occurrence records)
Peters, S.E. and McClennen, M. (2016). The Paleobiology Database application programming interface. Paleobiology, 42(1), 1-7.
Modifications: Up to 10,000 records sampled per 5 Ma window (0 Ma: 0–2.5 Ma), with supported ancient locations reconstructed. Sampling varies by age, region and taxon; counts are not abundance or biodiversity. Original references are available through PBDB.
GPlates / PyGPlates
GPL v2 (software; model data licensed separately)Tools for plate-tectonic and ancient-location reconstruction
Müller, R.D. et al. (2018). GPlates: Building a Virtual Earth Through Deep Time. G-cubed, 19.
DOI: 10.1029/2018GC007584
Modifications: Used to reconstruct ancient positions from the models.
SETON2012 rotation model
CC BY 4.00–200 Ma plate boundaries (separate model comparison)
Seton, M. et al. (2012). Global continental and ocean basin reconstructions since 200 Ma. Earth-Science Reviews, 113.
Modifications: 5 Ma間隔でプレート境界を復元し、表示用に簡略化しました。
PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas (rotation model)
CC BY 4.00–540 Ma coordinate reconstruction (Scotese 2016 reference frame; per-point validity checked)
Scotese, C.R. (2016). PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for GPlates, v3. Zenodo.
Modifications: Ancient locations reconstructed for fossils, cities and geological events, within the model's supported locations and ages.
Müller 2022 rotation model
CC BY 4.0200–540 Ma plate boundary reconstruction
Müller, R.D. et al. (2022). A tectonic-rules-based mantle reference frame since 1 billion years ago – implications for supercontinent cycles and plate–mantle system evolution. Solid Earth, 13, 1127–1159. Model v1.2.4.
Modifications: 5 Ma間隔でプレート境界を復元し、表示用に簡略化しました。
PhyloPic
Per-image CC0 / CC BY化石詳細と生物カードの分類群シルエット
PhyloPic — phylopic.org
Modifications: Resized for display. Each image includes its original attribution and artwork/license links.
ICS geological timescale 2026/06
CC BY 4.0Single source for geological boundaries and period names
International Commission on Stratigraphy, International Chronostratigraphic Chart, 2026/06.
Source ↗Modifications: Geological boundaries adapted for the service with translated names and service-selected display colors.
CenCO₂PIP v1.02
CC BY 4.01 Ma summaries of Cenozoic CO₂ proxy records
CenCO2PIP Consortium (2023), Science 382, eadi5177; vetted data v1.02 (2024).
Modifications: Eligible category 1/2 records; median of study medians. Ranges describe samples, not confidence intervals. Empty bins remain unavailable.
Miller 2020 sea level
CC BY 4.0Sea-level reconstruction, 0.98–64.82 Ma
Miller, K.G. et al. (2020). Smoothed Cenozoic sea-level relative to modern from deep-sea geochemical and continental margin records [dataset]. PANGAEA.
Modifications: Linear interpolation of supplied smoothed series; no extrapolation. 0 Ma is a present-day 0 m reference.
Macrostrat
CC BY 4.0Present-day map geology at 25 city centers
Macrostrat; Peters et al. (2018). Original map references retained and displayed for each city.
Source ↗Modifications: Selected geology information displayed for each city, retaining original unit names and ages. Not a paleomap or site survey.
プレート境界は別モデルとの比較資料です。PALEOMAPの地形・座標とは基準枠が異なり、海岸線と一致しない場合があります。
風と海面温度による模式図です。海洋循環モデルではなく、粒子の速さは実際の流速を示しません。
Wind: CESM annual mean U/V, 1000 hPa. Atmospheric rim glow is decorative.
人類の起源・移動・出会い — 研究資料
各イベントの年代・場所・証拠・不確実性を、リンク先の原論文に基づいて独自に要約しています。論文本文・図・遺伝子配列は再配布しません。各論文と付随データにはそれぞれの権利が適用されます。
文献確認日: 2026-10-12
- Multiple Deeply Divergent Denisovan Ancestries in PapuansJacobs et al. · 2019-04-11 · DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.035
- Independent age estimates resolve the controversy of ancient human footprints at White SandsPigati et al. · 2023-10-05 · DOI: 10.1126/science.adh5007
- The age of the opening of the Ice-Free Corridor and implications for the peopling of the AmericasClark et al. · 2022-03-21 · DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118558119
- New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiensHublin et al. · 2017-06-07 · DOI: 10.1038/nature22336
- A weakly structured stem for human origins in AfricaRagsdale et al. · 2023-05-17 · DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06055-y
- Pleistocene chronology and history of hominins and fauna at Denisova CaveJacobs et al. · 2025-05-21 · DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-60140-6
- Denisovan mitochondrial DNA from dental calculus of the >146,000-year-old Harbin craniumFu et al. · 2025-06-18 · DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2025.05.040
- The proteome of the late Middle Pleistocene Harbin individualFu et al. · 2025-06-18 · DOI: 10.1126/science.adu9677
- Ancient proteins identify various Denisovan remains from Southwest ChinaRao et al. · 2026-09-09 · DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-10976-9
- Denisovans from southwestern China and their subsistence strategiesRuan et al. · 2026-09-09 · DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-10997-4
- The genome of the offspring of a Neanderthal mother and a Denisovan fatherSlon et al. · 2018-08-22 · DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0455-x
- Major expansion in the human niche preceded out of Africa dispersalHallett et al. · 2025-06-18 · DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-09154-0
- Neanderthal ancestry through time: Insights from genomes of ancient and present-day humansIasi et al. · 2024-12-12 · DOI: 10.1126/science.adq3010
- Earliest modern human genomes constrain timing of Neanderthal admixtureSümer et al. · 2024-12-12 · DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-08420-x
- Genomic evidence supports the “long chronology” for the peopling of SahulGandini et al. · 2025-11-28 · DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ady9493
- Middle and Late Pleistocene Denisovan subsistence at Baishiya Karst CaveXia et al. · 2024-07-03 · DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07612-9
- Genetic diversity of late Neanderthals in northwestern EuropeBossoms Mesa et al. · 2026-06-24 · DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-10625-1
- The evolutionary history and unique genetic diversity of Indigenous AmericansAraújo Castro e Silva et al. · 2026-04-22 · DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-10406-w
- A male Denisovan mandible from Pleistocene TaiwanTsutaya et al. · 2025-04-10 · DOI: 10.1126/science.ads3888
- A new global ice sheet reconstruction for the past 80,000 yearsGowan et al. · 2021-02-23 · DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21469-w
- Climatic windows for human migration out of Africa in the past 300,000 yearsBeyer et al. · 2021-08-24 · DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24779-1
- Human occupation of northern India spans the Toba super-eruption ~74,000 years agoClarkson et al. · 2020-02-25 · DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14668-4
- The Persian plateau served as hub for Homo sapiens after the main out of Africa dispersalVallini et al. · 2024-03-25 · DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46161-7
- Homo sapiens reached the higher latitudes of Europe by 45,000 years agoMylopotamitaki et al. · 2024-01-31 · DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06923-7
- 40,000-Year-Old Individual from Asia Provides Insight into Early Population Structure in EurasiaYang et al. · 2017-10-12 · DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.030
- The population history of northeastern Siberia since the PleistoceneSikora et al. · 2019-06-05 · DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z
- Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native AmericansMoreno-Mayar et al. · 2018-01-03 · DOI: 10.1038/nature25173
- Early human dispersals within the AmericasMoreno-Mayar et al. · 2018-11-08 · DOI: 10.1126/science.aav2621
- Nuclear DNA sequences from the Middle Pleistocene Sima de los Huesos homininsMeyer et al. · 2016-03-14 · DOI: 10.1038/nature17405
- Neanderthals in central Asia and SiberiaKrause et al. · 2007-09-30 · DOI: 10.1038/nature06193
- Genetic insights into the social organization of NeanderthalsSkov et al. · 2022-10-19 · DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05283-y
博物館の標本
博物館が公開した別の標本の写真です。地図のPBDB記録と同一標本であることを示しません。学名と年代は博物館目録の表記です。
Anomalina beccariiformis (White, 1928)
CC46806 · Mesozoic / Cretaceous / Late
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History
Neocaudites triplistriatus (Edwards, 1944)
PAL172753 · Cenozoic / Neogene / Miocene
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History
Bivalvia
PAL653339 · Cenozoic / Quaternary / Pleistocene
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History
Amphissa reticulata Dall
PAL651332 · Cenozoic
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History
Genus sp
PAL572645b · Cenozoic / Paleogene / Eocene
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History
Hyracotherium tapirinum (Cope)
V1076 · Cenozoic / Paleogene / Eocene / Wasatchian
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History
Desmoscaphites erdmanni Cobban
PAL106724 · 博物館の年代記載なし
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History
Habrosaurus dilatus Gilmore, 1928
V17018 · Mesozoic / Cretaceous / Late / Maastrichtian
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History
Kritosaurus sp
PAL358555 · Mesozoic / Cretaceous / Late / Campanian
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History
Tracheophyta
PAL722538 · Cenozoic / Paleogene / Eocene / Middle
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History
Anomalocaris canadensis Whiteaves, 1892
PAL213890 · Paleozoic / Cambrian / Middle
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History
Stylemys nebrascensis Leidy, 1851
PAL358863 · Cenozoic / Paleogene / Oligocene
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History
写真 12 / 40枚
Other Assets
Geist Font
Google Fonts (Vercel)
OFL 1.1
Noto Sans CJK Bold / Deep Time Share
Noto Project — modified font used in share images
OFL 1.1
O₂ literature ranges
Mills et al. (2023), Evolution of Atmospheric O₂ Through the Phanerozoic, Revisited, DOI 10.1146/annurev-earth-032320-095425
Original literature summary
생물군/계통수
Compiled from textbooks and literature
Editorially curated