Green Sahara

Parts of the Sahara held lakes and grasslands around 6,000 years ago. Precession changed northern summer sunlight, influencing the West African monsoon, with feedbacks such as vegetation amplifying the response. Later drying varied by region. Lake sediments in the Tibesti record wetter conditions; moist air from the Mediterranean also mattered for mountain rainfall. The globe uses present-reference terrain. The environmental illustration is conceptual, not a precise vegetation or lake reconstruction.

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CO₂280ppm
Temp14.3°C
Sea0m
O₂21%

Annual surface temperature from CESM (T): a model estimate, not a direct observation of the past.

0 Ma: pre-industrial climate/CO₂; modern sea-level and O₂ references.

Data references
Sources & methods
🧑
Quaternary
Ice Ages and Humanity
▼

Glacial-interglacial cycles with 120m+ sea level swings. Homo sapiens spread from Africa across the globe, and most megafauna went extinct.

Key Life
🧑Homo sapiens🦣Mammoth🧔Neanderthals
Innovations
  • ›Language and culture
  • ›Agricultural revolution (~10,000 years ago)
  • ›Birth of civilization
Simplified Köppen
Af Rainforest
Am Monsoon
Aw Savanna
BW Desert
BS Steppe
Cf Temperate wet
Cs/Cw Temperate dry
Df Cold wet
Dw Cold dry
ET Tundra
EF Ice
CESM (Li et al. 2022)

Annual model means · 0 Ma: pre-industrial

🦴 Fossils—
Vertebrates
Invertebrates

Mapped sample / window records · not abundance
0–2.5 Ma

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Map sources & limits

API records whose numeric ages miss the queried window are excluded from the map and counts, with exclusions retained in provenance.

Plate boundaries are a separate model comparison. Their reference frame differs from PALEOMAP terrain and coordinates; coastlines may not align.

· 0 Ma

Data & licenses ↗
Full exploration range1,800 Ma → Present
540 Ma → Present
Precambrian
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
Cambrian
Ordovician
Devonian
Carbonif.
Permian
Triassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous
Paleogene
┆ Data transition · 540 Ma

Present